The history of Refrigeration 2-Refrigeration Research
The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor William Cullen(15 April 1710-5 February 1790), he was a Scottish physician, chemist a-nd agriculturalist, a-nd one of the most important professors at the Edinburgh Medical School, during its heyday as the leading center of medical education in the English-speaking world. He designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755. Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled, absorbing heat from the surrounding air. The experiment even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at that time.
In 1758, Benjamin Franklin a-nd John Hadley, professor of chemistry, collaborated on a project investigating the principle of evaporation as a means to rapidly cool an object at Cambridge University, Engla-nd. They confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids, such as alcohol a-nd ether, could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They conducted their experiment with the bulb of a mercury thermometer as their object a-nd with a bellows used to "quicken" the evaporation; they lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to 7 °F (-14 °C), while the ambient temperature was 65 °F (18 °C).
They noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer s bulb a-nd that the ice mass was about a quarter inch thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching 7 °F (-14 °C). Franklin wrote, "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer s day". In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans described a closed vapor-compression refrigeration cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum.
In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia a-nd other gases by using high pressures a-nd low temperatures, a-nd in 1834, an American expatriate to Great Britain, Jacob Perkins, built the first working vapor-compression refrigeration s-y-stem in the world. It was a closed-cycle that could operate continuously, as he described in his patent: I am enabled to use volatile fluids for the purpose of producing the cooling or freezing of fluids, a-nd yet at the same time constantly condensing such volatile fluids, a-nd bringing them again into operation without waste. His prototype s-y-stem worked although it did not succeed commercially.
In 1842, a similar attempt was made by American physician, John Gorrie, who built a working prototype, but it was a commercial failure. Like many of the medical experts during this time, Gorrie thought too much exposure to tropical heat led to mental a-nd physical degeneration, as well as the spread of diseases such as malaria. He conceived the idea of using his refrigeration s-y-stem to cool the air for comfort in homes a-nd hospitals to prevent disease. American engineer Alexa-nder Twining took out a British patent in 1850 for a vapour compression s-y-stem that used ether.
The first practical vapor compression refrigeration s-y-stem was built by James Harrison, a British journalist who had emigrated to Australia. His 1856 patent was for a vapour compression s-y-stem using ether, alcohol or ammonia. He built a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong, Victoria, a-nd his first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854. Harrison also introduced commercial vapour-compression refrigeration to breweries a-nd meat packing houses, a-nd by 1861, a dozen of his s-y-stems were in operation. He later entered the debate of how to compete against the American advantage of unrefrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom. In 1873 he prepared the sailing ship Norfolk for an experimental beef shipment to the United Kingdom, which used a cold room s-y-stem instead of a refrigeration s-y-stem. The venture was a failure as the ice was consumed faster than expected.
Ferdina-nd Carré s ice-making device. The first gas absorption refrigeration s-y-stem using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by Ferdina-nd Carré of France in 1859 a-nd patented in 1860. Carl von Linde, an engineer specializing in steam locomotives a-nd professor of engineering at the Technological University of Munich in Germany, began researching refrigeration in the 1860s a-nd 70s in response to dema-nd from brewers for a technology that would allow year-round, large-scale production of lager; he patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876. His new process made possible using gases such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide (SO2) a-nd methyl chloride (CH3Cl) as refrigerants a-nd they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s.
Thaddeus Lowe, an American balloonist, held several patents on ice-making machines. His "Compression Ice Machine" would revolutionize the cold-storage industry. In 1869, other investors a-nd he purchased an old steamship onto which they loaded one of Lowe s refrigeration units a-nd began shipping fresh fruit from New York to the Gulf Coast area, a-nd fresh meat from Galveston, Texas back to New York, but because of Lowe s lack of knowledge about shipping, the business was a costly failure.
SNOWBALLMACHINERY strive to be the best Chinese ice cream machine supplier. More knowledges about ice cream machine welcome browse our website www.snowballmachinery.com
Related Articles:
The history of Refrigeration 1-Earliest forms of cooling
The history of Refrigeration 3-Commercial use of Refrigeration
In 1758, Benjamin Franklin a-nd John Hadley, professor of chemistry, collaborated on a project investigating the principle of evaporation as a means to rapidly cool an object at Cambridge University, Engla-nd. They confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids, such as alcohol a-nd ether, could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They conducted their experiment with the bulb of a mercury thermometer as their object a-nd with a bellows used to "quicken" the evaporation; they lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to 7 °F (-14 °C), while the ambient temperature was 65 °F (18 °C).
They noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer s bulb a-nd that the ice mass was about a quarter inch thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching 7 °F (-14 °C). Franklin wrote, "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer s day". In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans described a closed vapor-compression refrigeration cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum.
In 1820, the British scientist Michael Faraday liquefied ammonia a-nd other gases by using high pressures a-nd low temperatures, a-nd in 1834, an American expatriate to Great Britain, Jacob Perkins, built the first working vapor-compression refrigeration s-y-stem in the world. It was a closed-cycle that could operate continuously, as he described in his patent: I am enabled to use volatile fluids for the purpose of producing the cooling or freezing of fluids, a-nd yet at the same time constantly condensing such volatile fluids, a-nd bringing them again into operation without waste. His prototype s-y-stem worked although it did not succeed commercially.
In 1842, a similar attempt was made by American physician, John Gorrie, who built a working prototype, but it was a commercial failure. Like many of the medical experts during this time, Gorrie thought too much exposure to tropical heat led to mental a-nd physical degeneration, as well as the spread of diseases such as malaria. He conceived the idea of using his refrigeration s-y-stem to cool the air for comfort in homes a-nd hospitals to prevent disease. American engineer Alexa-nder Twining took out a British patent in 1850 for a vapour compression s-y-stem that used ether.
The first practical vapor compression refrigeration s-y-stem was built by James Harrison, a British journalist who had emigrated to Australia. His 1856 patent was for a vapour compression s-y-stem using ether, alcohol or ammonia. He built a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong, Victoria, a-nd his first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854. Harrison also introduced commercial vapour-compression refrigeration to breweries a-nd meat packing houses, a-nd by 1861, a dozen of his s-y-stems were in operation. He later entered the debate of how to compete against the American advantage of unrefrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom. In 1873 he prepared the sailing ship Norfolk for an experimental beef shipment to the United Kingdom, which used a cold room s-y-stem instead of a refrigeration s-y-stem. The venture was a failure as the ice was consumed faster than expected.
Ferdina-nd Carré s ice-making device. The first gas absorption refrigeration s-y-stem using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia") was developed by Ferdina-nd Carré of France in 1859 a-nd patented in 1860. Carl von Linde, an engineer specializing in steam locomotives a-nd professor of engineering at the Technological University of Munich in Germany, began researching refrigeration in the 1860s a-nd 70s in response to dema-nd from brewers for a technology that would allow year-round, large-scale production of lager; he patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876. His new process made possible using gases such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide (SO2) a-nd methyl chloride (CH3Cl) as refrigerants a-nd they were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s.
Thaddeus Lowe, an American balloonist, held several patents on ice-making machines. His "Compression Ice Machine" would revolutionize the cold-storage industry. In 1869, other investors a-nd he purchased an old steamship onto which they loaded one of Lowe s refrigeration units a-nd began shipping fresh fruit from New York to the Gulf Coast area, a-nd fresh meat from Galveston, Texas back to New York, but because of Lowe s lack of knowledge about shipping, the business was a costly failure.
SNOWBALLMACHINERY strive to be the best Chinese ice cream machine supplier. More knowledges about ice cream machine welcome browse our website www.snowballmachinery.com
Related Articles:
The history of Refrigeration 1-Earliest forms of cooling
The history of Refrigeration 3-Commercial use of Refrigeration
